THE DIALECTIC
of
Fermions
and/versus
Bosons.
Part 01.:
Everywhere-Dense
Dialectic
Series.
Dear Reader,
For a long time, the qualitative
distinction between the “Standard Model of Particle Physics” binary division of
its Domain into the categories of fermions and/versus
bosons appeared to be a radical diremption, an absolute either/or
dichotomy, with no room for or reality of any «tertium quid»: any third
category.
Bosons, such as photons and
gluons, can crowd into the same quantum state in droves, whereas the fermions’ “exclusion
principle” means that they are forced to occupy separate quantum states, a principle
that makes for the substantiality and impenetrability of ordinary “solid”
matter, albeit nonetheless composed mostly of “empty space”.
But the rise of the quark
theory began to suggest that fermion/boson “complex unities” – combinations of “non-composite”
fermions, such as quarks, with “non-composite” bosons, such as gluons – might
in fact reside at the root of ordinary matter: protons and neutrons, as well as
mesons and hyperons.
Protonic, neutronic and
hyperonic complex unities of quarks and gluons behave, collectively, as “composite”
fermions, whereas mesonic complex unities of quarks and gluons – quark/anti-quark
pairs “glued together” by gluonic bosons – behave, collectively, as “composite”
bosons.
Beginning as hypothetical
particles, but lately gaining some empirical existential corroboration under highly-restrictive
conditions, the “anyon quasi-particles” are thought to transcend the
fermion/boson dichotomy. “Anyons”
are so named because they are thought to instantiate exchange statistics
situated anywhere in-between the “Fermi-Dirac” statistics
enacted by fermions, and the “Bose-Einstein” statistics enacted by bosons.
The anyons have just recently
been joined, in their proposed transcendence of the fermion/boson dichotomy, by
another, still hypothetical, category of “particles”, presently called “paraparticles”.
Two Rice University
physicists – Kaden Hazzard and Zhiyuan Wang – published, in May 2026, in Nature,
a mathematical proof of the existence, given mathematical assumptions which they
believe to be conformant to physical reality, of these “paraparticles”, state-exhibiting
exchange statistics which diverge substantially from those exhibited by both
bosons and fermions.
Although this mathematical result
shows that, in principle, our cosmos could contain “paraparticles” that are neither
fermionic nor bosonic, “the jury is still out” for so long as such «monad»s
have not been observed in nature.
The speculative nature of
these trans-fermionic/trans-bosonic “particles” claims is why we
have coded their oval category-container, in the pre-pended ‘dialecto-gram’, with
dotted lines, rather than with solid lines.
Such “paraparticles”, if they
exist in physical reality, would reside outside the horizons of the “Standard
Model of Particle Physics”. No “particles”
outside of that “Standard Model” have so far been reported in peer-reviewed
sources.
However, since that “Standard Model” pertains to only ~5% of the presently-observed energy-density of our cosmos – that of “ordinary matter”, or what we call ‘Bright Matter’ – whereas ~25% of that energy-density appears to be in the form of “Dark Matter”, and ~70% in the form of “Dark Energy”, it is possible that the latter two forms of mass or energy are also particulate, and composed of exotic, previously and still unknown units; composed of “NON-Standard-Model” «monad»s, some of which might even turn out to fit the “paraparticles” category.
For more
information regarding these
Seldonian insights, and to read and/or download, free
of charge, PDFs and/or JPGs of Foundation books, other texts, and images, please see:
and
https://independent.academia.edu/KarlSeldon
For partially pictographical, ‘poster-ized’ visualizations of many of these Seldonian insights -- specimens of ‘dialectical art’ – as well as dialectically-illustrated books
published by
the F.E.D. Press, see –
https://www.etsy.com/shop/DialecticsMATH
¡ENJOY!
Regards,
Miguel
Detonacciones,
Voting Member, Foundation Encyclopedia Dialectica [F.E.D.];
Elected Member, F.E.D. General Council;
Participant, F.E.D. Special Council for Public Liaison;
Officer, F.E.D. Office of Public Liaison.
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