Part 6.: DialecticS of NATURE Main Sequence Series. Planet Earth +?: Allo-Hybridizing Interactions of Self-Hybrid eukaryotic cell units and/versus Self-Hybrid prokaryotic cell units.

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Planet Earth +?:

 

Allo-Hybridizing

Interactions

of

Self-Hybrid

eukaryotic

cell units

and/versus

Self-Hybrid

prokaryotic

cell units.

 

 

Part 6.:

DialecticS

of

NATURE

Main

Sequence

Series.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dear Reader,

 

The overall ‘dialectic of Nature’ ontological-categorial progression model includes the dialectical partial synthesis category, ‘synphysis’ category, or ‘uniphysis’ category, symbolized by q_ep, in its 7^th model epoch.  

That epoch ‘‘‘contains’’’ the ancient macro-cosmological hybridization processes of eukaryote-units-interacting-with-prokaryote-units, still ongoing today, but only known to occur, so far, on planet Earth.  

 

The epoch 7 model is excerpted, below, using the _NQ dialectical language’s ‘dyadic Seldon function’, with that function-form operating upon the ‘Regenerist’ Hypothesis “Dark Energy” ‘spandetron’ units’ «arché»-category, q_x, and is, partially [‘¶’], solved by us as follows –

 

q_x²⁷  =  q_x¹²⁸   ¶|-º  

 

q_x <+> q_c <+> q_cx <+> q_r <+>     

 

q_rx <+> q_rc <+> q_rcx <+> q_a <+>

 

q_ax <+> q_ac <+> q_acx <+> q_ar <+>     

 

q_arx <+> q_arc <+> q_arcx <+> q_m <+>

 

q_mx <+> q_mc <+> q_mcx <+> q_mr <+>     

 

q_mrx <+> q_mrc <+> q_mrcx <+> q_ma <+>

 

q_max <+> q_mac <+> q_macx <+> q_mar <+>     

 

q_marx <+> q_marc <+> q_marcx <+> q_p <+>

 

. . . <+> q_ep

 

– with ontological category q_ep, corresponding to generic ordinal qualifier category q₉₆.  

 

Category q_ep is partially solved-for [‘¶|-º’], by us as representing, primarily, the [cosmo-]ontological category of processes of direct ingestions of prokaryotic living cell units, q_p, by eukaryotic living cell units, q_e, as well as their ‘exo-symbiotic natural formations’, of “mutualist”, that is, of mutually-gainful coalitions between eukaryotic living cell units and prokaryotic living cell units. 

 

 

 

“Eukaryotic Living Cells” vs. “Prokaryotic Living Cells”.  Within the above-written overall ontological, dialectical [i.e., ‘multi-«aufheben»-izing’, ‘multi-meta-unit-izing’] categorial progression, is the sub-progression that forms the focus of this blog-entry, namely –

 

 

q_e <x>  q_p    =   q_p <+>   q_ep.

 

 

This component-subprocess, categorizes and ‘character-izes’ [i.e., ‘algebra-izes’] – “stands for” – eukaryotic living cell units/prokaryotic living cell units inter-actions.

 

Note: Our research on this hybrid ontological category has been assisted by AI-researchers.

 

Some Known Planet-Earth Instantiations of ‘Dialectical Partial-Synthesis’ Category q_ep.

 

This ‘merely-hybrid’ ontological category is exemplary of dialectical synthesis categories in general in the dialectics of nature. 

 

For its cosmo-ontological model epoch, model epoch 7, with a total of 2⁷ or 128 ontological categories possibly extant, category q_ep [---> q₉₆ is a partial ‘dialectical synthesis category’ or ‘uni-category’, because it does not combine the subscripts of all of the ‘self-hybrid categories’ that are extant in model-epoch 7.  The epoch 7 ‘full synthesis’ hybrid category/‘uni-category’ is

q_epmarcx [---> q₁₂₇.

 

The meaning of category-symbol q_ep encompasses three major sub-categories of e versus p interactions: (1.) ‘endo-symbiotic’ interactions (2.) predatory interactions, and what we call (3.) ‘exo-symbiotic interactions, each addressed separately below’

 

 

1.  Ancient, Preliminary, Enabling “Auto-Endo-Symbiotic” Interaction: 

q_pp à q_e.

Approximately 1.5 billion years ago, an ancient bacterial prokaryotic cell unit – specifically an alphaproteobacterium unit – was ingested, but not digested, by a predatory prokaryotic cell unit, likely one related to the Asgard Archaea: 

q_p <x>  q_p    =   

q_p <+> q_pp    |-º   q_p <+> q_e.

 

This ‘self-hybridization’ of prokaryotes led to a lasting “endosymbiotic” relationship, which allowed the ingesting archaean prokaryotic cell unit to utilize the bacterial prokaryotic cell unit’s ability to produce ATP bio-chemical energy more efficiently, i.e., by Oxygen-using respiration, rather than by anaerobic fermentation, thence powering the subsequent evolution of modern eukaryotic cell units.

 

 

2.  Contemporary Predatory Interactions Examples.

Single-celled eukaryotes that eat prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) are known as “bacterivorous protists”.

 

 They hunt and consume single-celled prokaryotes through a process called “phagocytosis” (cellular engulfment), which shapes bacterial populations in almost every ecosystem on Earth.

 In the context of this ontological sub-category, category-symbol q_ep connotes ‘qualo-fractal up-conversions’ of category p or q_p biomass into category e or q_e biomass.

 

 Below is a breakdown of specific eukaryotic single-cell predator species paired with the specific prokaryotic prey species they ingest.

  

1. Tetrahymena thermophila (Ciliate)

Tetrahymena thermophila is a highly motile, pear-shaped freshwater ciliate eukaryote.  It uses rows of beating hair-like structures (cilia) to generate microscopic water currents, sweeping bacterial cells into its oral groove (cell mouth).

• Prokaryote Prey Species:
• Escherichia coli (A common intestinal and environmental bacterial prokaryote units-kind).
• Serratia marcescens (An opportunistic, often pink-pigmented environmental bacterial prokaryote).
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa (A robust, biofilm-forming rod bacterial prokaryote units-kind).

 

2. Acanthamoeba castellanii (Amoeba)

Acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living, amorphous amoebic eukaryotic cell unit, found ubiquitously in soil and water environments.

It extends flexible, spine-like cellular extensions called “acanthopodia” to physically trap and envelop surface-bound bacterial prokaryote units.

• Prokaryote Prey Species:
• Klebsiella pneumoniae (A rod-shaped, capsule-forming bacterial prokaryote units-kind).
• Staphylococcus aureus (A spherical, Gram-positive cluster bacterial prokaryote units-kind).
• Legionella pneumophila (The bacterial prokaryote responsible for Legionnaires’ disease, which the Acanthamoeba eukaryotes naturally hunt, though this bacterial prokaryote can sometimes escape digestion and live inside this eukaryote).

3. Paramecium caudatum (Ciliate)

Paramecium caudatum is a slipper-shaped, large eukaryotic single cell unit, widely found in stagnant freshwater basins. Even a single Paramecium cell unit is a voracious filter-feeder, capable of consuming up to 5,000 prokaryotes every day.

• Prokaryote Prey Species:
• Bacillus subtilis (A common, spore-forming soil bacterial-prokaryotic units-kind).
• Mycobacterium marinum (An aquatic bacterial prokaryote that the Paramecium eukaryotes regularly graze upon in freshwater environments).
• Enterobacter aerogenes (A frequent prokaryotic choice in laboratory settings to feed and sustain eukaryotic Paramecium cultures).

 

4. Dictyostelium discoideum (Social Amoeba/Slime Mold)

While Dictyostelium discoideum eukaryotes can aggregate into multicellular structures when starving, it spends its primary life stage as a single-celled amoeba unit, crawling through forest soil and leaf litter to hunt prokaryotes. 

• Prokaryote Prey Species:
• Klebsiella aerogenes (The standard target species used to cultivate this amoeba in laboratory research).
• Salmonella enterica (A pathogenic bacterial prokaryote unit that this eukaryotic soil amoeba naturally targets and clears, through phagocytosis).

 

Summary Table, Predatory q_ep Sub-Category Examples.

Eukaryote Predator Species (Single Eukaryotic Cell Units)	Predator Type	Primary Prokaryote Prey Species (Single Prokaryotic Cell Units)
Tetrahymena thermophila	Ciliate (Filter feeder)	Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens
Acanthamoeba castellanii	Amoeba (Surface predator)	Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila
Paramecium caudatum	Ciliate (Slipper shape)	Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium marinum
Dictyostelium discoideum	Amoeba (Slime mold stage)	Klebsiella aerogenes, Salmonella enterica

 

3. [‘Exo-’]Symbiotic q_ep Sub-Category Examples.

Highly complex, mutualistic coalitions between eukaryotic single cell units and prokaryotic single cell units are rife on our planet.

 

In these non-predatory, non-parasitic associations, the distinct cellular boundaries remain intact, but the organisms act as a single, coordinated physiological unit (known as a “holobiont”).

 

These stable coalitions represent both evolutionary bridges (echoing how mitochondria and chloroplasts originally evolved) and highly specialized modern ecological teams.

 

q_ep, Eukaryote-Prokaryote Coalitions Examples.

Eukaryotic Host (Single Eukaryotic Cell Units)	Prokaryotic Partner(s) (Single Prokaryotic Cell Units)	Nature of Relationship	Biological Function
Mixotricha paradoxa (Parabasalid flagellate)	* Treponema mixotrichae (Spirochete) * Synergitannerella mixotrichae (Rod) * Endomicrobiellum mixotrichae (Spherical internal bacterium)	Ectosymbiosis & Endosymbiosis (Multi-partner coalition)	Locomotion and Digestion: The prokaryotic spirochetes lash in unison to move the eukaryotic host. The internal bacterial prokaryotes digest wood and produce energy in place of mitochondria.
Paulinella chromatophora (Filose amoeba)	Synechococcus-like alpha-cyanobacterium (Termed a "chromatophore")	Obligate Endosymbiosis (Primary plastid in-the-making)	Photosynthesis: The eukaryotic host feeds the bacterial prokaryotes  nutrients; the bacterium has lost 74% of its genome and uses light to supply carbohydrates to the host.
Epithemia turgida (Diatom alga)	Spheroid Body (UCYN-A related nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria)	Obligate Endosymbiosis (metabolic coalition)	Nitrogen Fixation: The eukaryotic diatom provides photosynthetic byproducts to the embedded prokaryote, which fixes nitrogen gas into usable ammonium.
Euplotes vannus (Ciliate protozoan)	Polynucleobacter necessarius (Betaproteobacterium)	Obligate Endosymbiosis (Survival dependency)	Metabolic Maintenance: The ciliate cannot survive or divide without the cytoplasmic bacterium, which manufactures essential cytoplasmic compounds.

 

 

Details on the Natures of these of Key Species.

1. Mixotricha paradoxa (The Ultimate Microbial Team)

Found inside the gut of the primitive Australian termite Mastotermes darwiniensis, Mixotricha paradoxa is famously known as the “poster organism” for symbiosis.

• Nature: The eukaryote itself is physically incapable of moving on its own or producing energy through oxygen. It serves as a structural chassis.
• Coalition: Roughly 250,000 helical Treponema bacteria anchor themselves to specific structural brackets on the host’s cell membrane.  They synchronous-wave like microscopic oars to propel the eukaryote forward.  Inside the cell, spherical Endomicrobiellum bacterial prokaryotes act as functional ‘mitochondria homologues,’ processing cellulose and generating cellular energy (ATP).

 

2. Paulinella chromatophora (Evolution Caught in the Act)

This freshwater amoebic eukaryote represents the only known modern instance of a second independent primary endosymbiosis.  (The first instance occurred over ~1.5 billion years ago, since giving rise to all green plants).

• Nature: Millions of years ago, a predatory ancestor of the Paulinella eukaryotes ingested a photosynthetic cyanobacterial prokaryote, but failed to digest it.  Instead, the two, disparate units integrated permanently.

 

• Coalition: The cyanobacterial prokaryotic partner (now a specialized structure called a “chromatophore”) has undergone massive genome reduction, offloading its vital survival genes directly into the eukaryotic amoeba’s nuclear DNA.  The single-celled amoeba controls the reproduction of the bacteria so precisely that, when the eukaryotic host cell divides, the prokaryotes divide with it, evenly.

 

3. Epithemia Diatoms and their “Spheroidal Bodies”

Diatoms are unicellular eukaryotic algae enclosed in elegant silica shells.

• Nature: Members of the eukaryotic family Rhopalodiaceae harbor modified cyanobacterial prokaryotes that look like small spheres inside these eukaryotes’ cytoplasms.
• Coalition: Unlike standard plants, which can photosynthesize but cannot pull nitrogen straight from the air, this single-celled coalition does both. The prokaryotic spheroidal body has completely lost the genes required to photosynthesize independently, rendering it non-viable outside of the eukaryotic host. In exchange for safety and food from the host, it acts as a highly efficient internal Nitrogen-fixation fertilizer factory.

 

On the Dialectical, Aufheben Nature of the Opposition Between Eukaryotic Cell units and Prokaryotic Cell units, constituting their categorial mutual opposition –

q_e ~ q_p.

The dialectical opposition between eukaryotic single-cell units and prokaryotic single-cell units is one that we cannot directly, sensuously perceive, since both are far too minute for our unaided eyes, or fingers, to see or feel. 

That opposition is produced via a ‘concrete negation operation’, yielding a ‘‘‘negativity’’’, a specific ‘not-ness’, that distinguishes the two. 

That [self-]negation operation is not any “abstract negation” operation, that obliterates its operands into nothingness [cf. Hegel]. 

It is a “determinate negation” operation, a self- «aufheben» self-operation, by which, e.g., multiple prokaryotic single-cell units coalesce themselves into single eukaryotic single-meta-cell units, negating their ‘prokaryoticity’ determination, but also conserving that ‘prokaryote-ness’ inside their collective new ‘eukaryote-ness’, and uplifting themselves into the higher size/mass/complexity scale of eukaryotic single-meta-cell units, leaving behind their former ‘prokaryote-ness’-only complexity scale and level.  

These prokaryotic single-cell units thus collectively continue, by adding a new level to, the multi-level ‘qualo-fractal’ scales-progression that began, per our hypothesis, with/from the ‘spandetron’ units of “Dark Energy” – of “empty” space itself – themselves.

 

Dialectical, Ontological Category-Symbols’ subscript Commutability and Meaning-Duality.

 

Note that category-symbol q_ep [generically q₉₆ = q₆₄₊₃₂] has the same ‘‘‘order-number’’’ [the same ‘ordinal-quality generic subscript index’] as does category-symbol q_pe [q₉₆ =  q₃₂₊₆₄] – i.e., is the 96th category-symbol in this ‘Dialectic of Nature’, ‘cosmo-ontological’ category-symbols progression. 

 

The latter, q_pe, can be solved as representing another syntactically possible ‘[cosmo-]ontological’ process within prokaryotic cell units’/eukaryotic cell units’ combinations/complex unities/uni-categories/dialectical partial syntheses. 

 

Specifically, subscripts-commutated category-symbol q_pe might well, for example, be interpreted as describing the conversions – ‘‘‘catalyzed’’’ by remaining prokaryotic cell units, of eukaryotic cell units’ biomass back down into prokaryotic cell units’ biomass. 

 

Category-Symbol q_pe – Some Rather “Grisley” Instantiations.

Not only does category-symbol q_ep have instantiations, as seen above – both symbiotic examples, 

q_ep <---> q_pe, 

and predatory examples, the latter as ‘conversion formations’ that convert p ‘onto-mass’ up into e ‘onto-mass’; p  ­­^  e. 

 

 

Category q_pe also has instantiations, albeit rarer ones, on our planet, in the form of ‘conversion formations’ that convert e ‘onto-mass’ back down into p ‘onto-mass’; e ¯ p;

q_ep ~ q_pe. 

 

Several such cases of the latter kind of predation are described below.

 

 

While the overwhelming ecological norm is for larger, single-celled eukaryotes (like amoebae and ciliates) to hunt and engulf smaller prokaryote cellular units – archaeal cell units and, especially, bacterial cell units – there are several remarkable, documented cases where prokaryotes act as the predators and “eat”, or ‘‘‘convert’’’, eukaryote single-cell units’ biomass back down into [likewise single-cell unit] prokaryote biomass, by ‘‘‘consuming’’’ eukaryote cell units’ biomass.

Because prokaryotes generally lack the machinery for phagocytosis (the ability to wrap a flexible membrane around large prey to engulf it), they utilize specialized, alternative predatory strategies.

The most notable and heavily studied cases of single-celled prokaryotes preying upon single-celled eukaryotes include:

 

1. The “Vampire” Bacteria (Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus)

• The Predator: Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus (a small, Gram-negative bacterium) prokaryotic cell units.

• The Eukaryotic Prey: Chlorella units (a genus of single-celled green algae).

• The Mechanism (Epibiotic Predation): Vampirovibrio attaches itself directly to the outer cell wall of a eukaryotic algae cell unit.  Instead of entering the cell, it forms a specialized cytoskeletal protrusion (metaphorically, called a “fang”), that pierces the eukaryotic cell unit’s cell membrane.  The prokaryotic cell unit then releases hydrolytic enzymes into the eukaryote, to liquefy the algal eukaryote’s insides, and then literally sucks out the “food” that is the eukaryotic cell unit’s cytoplasm, leaving behind an empty, dead shell of the former eukaryotic living cell unit.

 

2. Ixotrophic Bacteria and Contractile Injection Systems

• The Predator: Various ixotrophic bacterial prokaryotics cell units (e.g., from certain marine strains).

• The Eukaryotic Prey: Diatoms (single-celled eukaryotic algae units with silica shells). 

• The Mechanism (Lytic Capture): "Ixotrophy" functions much like a “microscopic flypaper”. The bacterial units catch passing eukaryotic cell prey units by sticking them to the prokaryotic cell unit’s cell surfaces. Recent research published in Science shows that these bacteria utilize Contractile Injection Systems (CISs)—nanoscopic macromolecular daggers structurally similar to bacteriophage tails—to punch holes in their eukaryotic cell unit prey, inducing cell lysis (bursting) so the bacteria’ prokaryotic cell units can feed on the released eukaryotic prey nutritional biomass. 

3. Pack-Hunting Myxobacteria (Myxococcus xanthus)

• The Predator: Myxococcus xanthus prokaryotic cell units (and related Myxobacteria).

• The Eukaryotic Prey: Single-celled fungi units (yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and various eukaryotic microalgae units.

• The Mechanism (Wolfpack Predation): While a single M. xanthus prokaryotic cell unit is too small to take down a eukaryote cell unit alone, these prokaryote units coordinate into massive, swarming “wolfpacks”.  When the swarm encounters a population of single-celled eukaryote cell units, they collectively secrete a potent cocktail of lytic enzymes and antimicrobial peptides. This dissolves the sturdy cell walls of the eukaryotic yeast or algae units from their outsides, killing those eukaryotic cell units, and allowing the prokaryotic cell bacterial units to swarm and absorb the eukaryotic cell units’ former contents – their thus-extruded nutrient-rich runoff.

4. Endosymbiotic Prokaryotic Units as Parasites, Acting as Predators (Chlamydiae)

• The Predator: Primitive environmental chlamydiae prokaryotic cell units (e.g., Waddlia, Parachlamydia).

• The Eukaryotic Prey: Acanthamoeba (free-living, single-celled amoebae eukaryotic cell units). 

• The Mechanism (Intracellular Predation): Unlike medical chlamydia, these environmental prokaryote single cell units target wild, eukaryotic protist cell units. They exploit the amoeba’s natural tendency to swallow bacteria.  Once inside, instead of being digested, the bacteria’ prokaryotic cell units breach the digestive vacuole, replicate wildly within the eukaryotic host cell’s cytoplasm, consume its energy reserves (ATP), and eventually rupture the eukaryotic cell unit from the inside out, the resulting expanded population of these prokaryotic single cell units to find new prey thus freed, virus-like, to search out yet-new eukaryote cell unit prey.

Summary of Strategies

Because prokaryote predator cell units are highly restricted by size, they bypass the more usual “swallowing” of their prey, instead relying on:

• Epibiotic sucking: Latching on and draining their eukaryotic single cell unit prey of its nutritive content.

• Chemical lysis: Injecting or secreting enzymes to force their eukaryotic single cell unit prey to burst, releasing their eukaryotic single cell unit prey of its nutritive content externally to its former cell unit confinement, thus making it externally available to these predatory prokaryotic cell units.

• Intracellular hijacking: The, much smaller, prokaryotic single cell units entering into the inside of their, much larger, eukaryotic single cell unit prey, to eat out their prey’s nutritive content from inside the eukaryotic cell prey unit, from its inside, out. 

The sample of specimens noted above show that the ‘dialectics-of-nature’, combinatoric ontological-category symbol(s), q_ep, and q_pe, ha(s)(ve) Earth-immanent instances that represent both predatory combinations and symbiotic combinations of the e and p onto-types.

For more information regarding these Seldonian insights, and to read and/or download, free of charge, PDFs and/or JPGs of Foundation books, other texts, and images, please see:

 

www.dialectics.info

and

https://independent.academia.edu/KarlSeldon

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

For partially pictographical, ‘poster-ized’ visualizations of many of these Seldonian insights -- specimens of ‘dialectical art’ – as well as dialectically-illustrated books published by the F.E.D. Press, see –

 

https://www.etsy.com/shop/DialecticsMATH

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

¡ENJOY!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Regards,

 

Miguel Detonacciones,

Voting Member, Foundation Encyclopedia Dialectica [F.E.D.];

Elected Member, F.E.D. General Council;

Participant, F.E.D. Special Council for Public Liaison;

Officer, F.E.D. Office of Public Liaison.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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